Actor Observer Bias vs self serving bias2/18/2024 ![]() ![]() The students were described as having been randomly assigned to the role of either quizmaster or contestant by drawing straws. This error is very closely related to another attributional tendency, the correspondence bias, which occurs when we attribute behaviors to people’s internal characteristics, even in heavily constrained situations. In one demonstration of the fundamental attribution error, Linda Skitka and her colleagues (Skitka, Mullen, Griffin, Hutchinson, & Chamberlin, 2002) had participants read a brief story about a professor who had selected two student volunteers to come up in front of a class to participate in a trivia game. When we tend to overestimate the role of person factors and overlook the impact of situations, we are making a mistake that social psychologists have termed the fundamental attribution error. That is, we are more likely to say “Cejay left a big tip, so he must be generous” than “Cejay left a big tip, but perhaps that was because he was trying to impress his friends.” Second, we also tend to make more personal attributions about the behavior of others (we tend to say, “Cejay is a generous person”) than we do for ourselves (we tend to say, “I am generous in some situations but not in others”). First, we are too likely to make strong personal attributions to account for the behavior that we observe others engaging in. This is a classic example of the general human tendency of underestimating how important the social situation really is in determining behavior. One way that our attributions may be biased is that we are often too quick to attribute the behavior of other people to something personal about them rather than to something about their situation. Let’s consider some of the ways that our attributions may go awry. In fact, causal attributions, including those relating to success and failure, are subject to the same types of biases that any other types of social judgments are. However, although people are often reasonably accurate in their attributions-we could say, perhaps, that they are “good enough” (Fiske, 2003)-they are far from perfect. Because successful navigation of the social world is based on being accurate, we can expect that our attributional skills will be pretty good. In relation to our preceding discussion of attributions for success and failure, if we can determine why we did poorly on a test, we can try to prepare differently so we do better on the next one. We have seen that person perception is useful in helping us successfully interact with others. Describe victim-blaming attributional biases.Explore group-serving biases in attribution.Outline self-serving attributional biases.Explore the related concepts of the fundamental attribution error and correspondence bias.Review a variety of common attibutional biases, outlining cultural diversity in these biases where indicated.We know what pressures us, but not necessarily others. ![]() This is convenient for our peace of mind, and fits with our domain of knowledge, too. You’re not evil, just stressed! The coworker who snaps at you, however, is more likely to be interpreted as a jerk, without going through the same kind of rationalization. If you snap at a coworker, for example, you may rationalize your behavior by remembering that you had difficulty sleeping last night and had financial struggles this month. ![]() But when we misbehave, we are better at recognizing the external pressures on us that shape our actions: a situational understanding. When someone wrongs us, we tend to think they are evil, misguided or selfish: a personalized explanation. This is such a common way of looking at the world that social psychologists have a word for it: the fundamental attribution error. We tend to seek internal, psychological explanations for the behavior of those around us while making situational excuses for our own. We also have a bias for the individual as the locus of agency in interpreting our own everyday life and the behavior of others. (Oh, ye of little faith!) Instead, they might think that the FAE is something like the following: Now, some readers may object that what I have described is not what the FAE means and that I don’t know what I am talking about. ![]()
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When you add a keyboard to the mix, everything goes sideways because keyboard players aren’t able to continually adjust their intonation. Players get into trouble when harmonizing and need to narrow intervals to stay in tune. For vocalists and for instrumentalists such as violinists and trombonists, who can adjust their intonation on the fly, this intonation produces a sweet, pure sound in the melodic line. The ancient system known as Pythagorean intonation uses mathematically pure fifths and thirds, as described above by Duffin. Either we tune eleven perfect fifths and leave the last one dissonant and unusable, or we compromise the perfection of the fifths and create what is known as a temperament. So, although acoustically pure fifths and acoustically pure major thirds would seem to be desirable sonorities to have in performance, there is no way that either one of them can be completely reconciled to the twelve available pitches of the keyboard octave. The problem is that if we tune fifths that are acoustically pure, the note we arrive at after a circle of twelve fifths will be about one quarter of a semitone sharp to the starting note. We speak of the “circle of fifths,” that procedure whereby, starting on any note and going up or down in series by the interval of a fifth, eventually we arrive at a note with the same name as the one we started on. Imagine the twelve tones of a true chromatic scale as clock, or maybe an oozy pizza, in which twelve slices almost, but don’t quite fit.Īs Ross Duffin writes in his chapter “Tuning and Temperament” in Jeffery Kite-Powell’s A Performer’s Guide to Renaissance Music: For the rest of us, in simple terms, the drama comes down to an unsolvable problem of math. If you fancy a deep dive into the physics of music, check out the links below you will not be disappointed. To understand why the manuscript was so revolutionary back in 1722, and why 300 years later it continues to foment controversy among baroque music aficionados, we need to keep in mind that the baroque keyboards were tuned differently than today’s pianos. While completely playable on modern pianos, The Well-Tempered Clavier would have been impossible to perform on keyboards of Bach’s time-not without a radical new approach to tuning the very instruments it was written for. But the simplicity of the concept belies the audacity of its origin. Indeed, that’s how the book functions today for contemporary concert pianists and students of piano. As they work their way through the book, students practice all the key signatures sequentially. Then C# major and minor, then D and so forth, all the way through B minor. ![]() Next, a prelude and fugue in the parallel key, C minor. To modern sensibilities, a systematic book for aspiring keyboard students seems like a sensible pedagogical project sprung from an orderly mind: start in C major with prelude and fugue. (More on that later.) A German clavichord from 1763 via Wikimedia CommonsĪs for what Bach meant by “well-tempered”- a clue is in the structure of the volume. ![]() He did not mean the modern piano as we know it, the very instrument upon which The Well-Tempered Clavier is played most often now, because modern pianos had yet to evolve. There’s now consensus that when Bach wrote “ Das Wohltemperirte Clavier ,” he meant “clavier” to signify any musical keyboard-harpsichord, clavichord, organ. The second is easier to answer than the first: Over the years, partisans for various ancient keyboard instruments have tried to claim The Well-Tempered Clavier for themselves, including the Italian composer Ferruccio Busoni, who misnamed the collection “ ’Das Wohltemperierte Clavichord ,” and the famous twentieth-century Polish harpsichordist Wanda Landowska, who insisted the pieces were meant for her instrument, only. ![]() For more than a century, early music specialists have been sparring over these very questions. What’s so “well-tempered” about this clavier? And, what’s a “clavier,” in the first place? Is it a sort of old-fashioned piano on Prozac? If you’ve been wondering, you’re in good company. There’s now consensus that when Bach wrote “ Das Wohltemperirte Clavier,” he meant “clavier” to signify any musical keyboard-harpsichord, clavichord, organ. ![]() AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |